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NYW TABLE OF CONTENTS I. NOTATION AND INSTALLATION Entering NYW...........................1-1 Exiting NYW............................1-1 Changing Files.........................1-2 Status Line............................1-2 Ruler Line.............................1-2 Messages and Prompts...................1-3 Error Messages.........................1-4 Help...................................1-4 Refresh................................1-4 Automatic Backup.......................1-5 Command Summary........................1-5 II. BASIC EDITING Starting Up............................2-1 Format Menu............................2-1 Quick Change, Margins..................2-2 Print File.............................2-4 III. CURSOR MOVES Moving Across a Line...................3-1 Moving Up and Down a File..............3-2 Moving One Word at a Time..............3-2 Moving One Paragraph at a Time.........3-3 Moving to First Character of Line......3-3 Moving to Last Character of Line.......3-3 Moving to Top of Screen................3-3 Moving to Bottom of Screen.............3-3 Moving to Top of File..................3-3 Moving to Bottom of File...............3-3 Moving to Line Number..................3-3 Bookmarks..............................3-4 Command Summary........................3-6 IV. INSERTING AND DELETING TEXT Deleting Characters....................4-1 Deleting to End of Line................4-2 Inserting a Line.......................4-2 Deleting a Sentence....................4-2 Deleting a Line........................4-3 Undoing a Delete.......................4-3 V. WORKING WITH PARAGRAPHS Reformatting...........................5-1 Joining Two Lines......................5-1 Splitting a Line.......................5-3 Justification..........................5-4 Hyphenation............................5-4 Justifying a Line......................5-5 Removing Justification from a Line.....5-5 VI. THE FORMAT MENU Format Parameters......................6-1 Changing Formats.......................6-1 Ruler Line to Change Tabs..............6-2 Ruler Line to Change Margins...........6-2 Reformatting Changed Lines.............6-2 Create New, Copy Old Format Blocks.....6-3 Changing Just Tabs and Margins.........6-3 Left Margins...........................6-3 Changing Formats.......................6-4 VII. MANIPULATING BLOCKS OF TEXT Moving a Paragraph.....................7-1 Picking a Line.........................7-3 Copying Text...........................7-3 Deleting a Block.......................7-4 Other Block Operations Write to Buffer...................7-4 Print.............................7-4 Change Case.......................7-4 VIII. READING, WRITING AND PRINTING FILES Reading Another File into Document.....8-1 Putting Document into Another File.....8-2 Writing a Buffer to a File.............8-2 Printing a File........................8-2 XI. MULTI-PAGE DOCUMENTS Pagebreaks.............................9-1 Pagination.............................9-2 Widows and Orphans.....................9-2 Checking Pagebreaks....................9-3 Working Through a Long Document........9-3 Conditional End of Page................9-4 X. PRINTING A FILE Printer Menu..........................10-1 Spooler Program.......................10-1 Printer Parameters....................10-2 Comment Lines.........................10-3 Translating a Character into a Sequence.........................10-4 Libraries of Sequences................10-5 Printing into a File..................10-5 Left/Right Page Shift.................10-6 Including Files at Print Time.........10-6 XI. HEADERS AND FOOTERS Creating Headers and Footers..........11-1 Deleting Headers and Footers..........11-2 Page Numbering........................11-2 Same Header/Footers All Pages.........11-3 Editing Headers and Footers...........11-3 Headers & Footers in Printer Menu or in Format Block...............11-3 Different Headers/Footers for Different Parts of Document......11-4 XII. MORE OPERATIONS ON LINES Centering.............................12-1 Indenting Lines Paragraph Tabs...................12-1 Indenting Lines..................12-2 Changing Paragraph Indentation...12-2 Center Text Over Columns.........12-3 Flush Right Margins..............12-3 XIII. SPECIAL EFFECTS FOR PRINTING List of Special Effects...............13-1 Adding and Deleting Effects From Existing Text...............13-1 Hard Spaces...........................13-2 Multiple Effects......................13-2 Fonts.................................13-2 XIV. SEARCH AND SUBSTITUTE TEXT Searching for a Word..................14-1 Ignoring Case.........................14-1 Substituting Text.....................14-2 Searching and Deleting................14-3 Regular Expressions...................14-3 Examples of Useful Patterns...........14-4 XV. OPTIONS MENU Paramaters of Options Menu............15-1 Paragraph Indent.................15-2 Beginning Page Number............15-2 Horizontal Scroll Speed..........15-2 Scrolling Speed..................15-2 Graphics Characters Toggle.......15-2 Tab Filler Character.............15-2 Tab Increment....................15-2 Status/Ruler Lines...............15-2 Hyphenation......................15-2 Automatic Hyphenation............15-2 Hyphenation Hot Zone.............15-2 Insert Mode......................15-2 Automatic Reform.................15-2 Save Length......................15-2 No Snow..........................15-2 Error Wait.......................15-2 Bell Sound.......................15-3 Two Spaces after Punctuati.......15-3 Cursor to Free Space.............15-3 Automatic Backup.................15-3 # Keystrokes Save................15-3 Background Color.................15-3 Foreground Color.................15-3 Put Choice.......................15-3 XVI. WORKING WITH TABLES Preparing Format for Tables...........16-1 Aligning Columns of Numbers...........16-1 Block Operations on Columns...........16-2 Calculations..........................16-4 XVII. PERFORMING MATHEMATICAL CALCULATIONS Desk Calculator.......................17-1 Performing Calculations in File.......17-1 Calculated Total Format...............17-4 XVIII. FOOTNOTES Creating Footnotes.....................18-1 Editing Footnotes......................18-1 Displaying All Footnotes...............18-2 Inserting a Footnote...................18-2 Deleting a Footnote....................18-2 Printing Footnotes.....................18-2 XIX. USING MACRO DEFINITIONS Macros.................................19-1 Defining a Macro.......................19-1 Reading Macros from a File.............19-2 Inserting a Macro into a Document......19-2 Checking Macros........................19-3 Saving Macros..........................19-3 Putting a Command Sequence Into a Macro......................19-3 Capturing Keystrokes..............19-3 Replaying Keystrokes..............19-3 Creating Skeleton Documents............19-4 XX. SPECIAL FEATURES Executing a DOS Command................20-1 Table of Contents Generator............20-1 Index Generator........................20-3 Date...................................20-3 Version................................20-3 XXI. SPLIT SCREEN EDITING Splitting the Screen...................21-1 Jumping Between Windows................21-1 Closing a Window.......................21-1 Same File in Each Window...............21-2 Moving Text Between Windows............21-3 Full Screen Windows....................21-5 XXII. NYW MERGE FACILITY Format Section.........................22-2 Computation Section....................22-2 Selection Section......................22-3 Making the Database....................22-3 Merging the Data with a Letter.........22-4 Arithmetic Expressions.................22-5 Logical Expressions....................22-5 Sorting Output.........................22-6 Input Number of Field for Sort Key #1............................22-6 Different Size Address Fields..........22-7 NOTATION USED IN THIS MANUAL Usually a word or phrase surrounded by angular brackets denoted some key that you must press on your keyboard. The following are the most commonly used symbols: <CTRL> You must press the CTRL key and at the same time, press the key that follows. For example, <CTRL>) means that you should hold down the CTRL key while pressing the 0 key. <CR> Press the ENTER key. <SHIFT> or <SH> Hold down the SHIFT key while pressing another key. <ALT> Hold down the ALT key while pressing another key. <name> This is the name of a NYWord command that is started by pressing the key labeled "name". On the PC's keypad, there are four keys with arrows on them, pointing to the right, left, up and down. These will be denoted by <LEFT ARROW>, <RIGHT ARROW>, <UP ARROW> and <DOWN ARROW>. INVOKING NYWORD To invoke the word processor just type wp [filename] If no file name is put on the command line, then NYWord will ask you for the file that you want to edit. The file can reside on your current directory, or in another subdirectory on a different drive. NYWord supports full DOS pathnames. DEFAULT PARAMETER FILES NYWord allows the user to customize his editing environment to a certain degree. In addition to customizing the way that the word processor interacts with the user, one can also customize the way that the default editing formats are set up, and the way that certain printing options are set up. On the distribution disk are three important files which can be used by NYWord to override the system defaults. These files are : . WPDEFAUL . WPFORMAT . WPPRMENU These files contain information on the default values of certain parameters used by NYWord during an editing session. The WPDEFAUL file contains the default parameters for the options menu, the WPFORMAT file contains the default parameters for format block #0, and the WPPRMENU file contains the default parameters used by the printer menu. Each time a user enters NYWord, a check is made of the user's DOS path to see if any or all of the three files exist. If a file doesn't exist, then NYWord will supply its own default values for the cor- responding parameters. However, if a file exists, then NYWord will read the file to get the defaults. As an example of the way NYWord searches for these files, let's assume that your DOS PATH enviroment variable is : c:\bin;c:\;d:\ and that the subdirectory which you are currently in is c:\wp. When NYWord starts up, it will first search the current directory, c:\wp, for the three files. If the files are not found there, then the subdirectory c:\bin is searched. If the files are still not found, then c:\ (the root directory on drive C) and d:\ (the root directory on drive D) will be searched. If the files were not found, then NYWord uses its own values for the editing, formatting, and printing parameters. You might want to create a personalized copy of each of the three files for certain subdirectories. Since the three files contain ASCII text, you can use NYWord to edit the contents of a file. Each file contains directions on how to change various default values. IF YOU EDIT THE DEFAULT FILES USING NYWORD, MAKE SURE THAT YOU SAVE THE FILE IN ASCII. BASICS OF NYWORD STARTING NYWORD To start the word processor, just type "wp" followed by one or more blanks, followed by the name of the file you want to edit. If you don't provide a file name on the command line, then NYWord will ask you for the file that you want to edit. The file name can be any valid DOS file name. The first part of the file name must contain no more than 8 characters. You can have an optional extension of no more than three characters. See your DOS manual for more details on file names. NYWord supports full DOS pathnames, so you can edit files which reside on different drives and on different subdirectories. Some sample file names are: foo, M123, compile.c, read_ME, \autoexec.bat, d:\work\bills\cust.inv When you start NYWord on a new file, you will just see a blank screen and a status line on the bottom of the screen. Just start typing!!! No menus are used here!!! However, if you are editing an old file, you will see the file displayed on your screen from the beg- inning, and the status line at the bottom. Again, just start editing the file! THE MENU SYSTEM To aid you in using NYWord, we have incorporated a pulldown menu system. To bring up the menu, press <ALT> M. A menu bar will be displayed on the top line of the screen. You can use the left and right arrow keys to move the highlight across the menu. If there is a submenu associated with a menu item, the submenu will also be displayed. You can use the up and down arrow keys to move through the submenu. When the highlight is over a command that you want to invoke, press <CR>. If you want to get out of the menu without executing a command, press the <ESC> key. LEAVING NYWORD To exit from the word processor, type <CTRL>D. You will see a message on the bottom of the screen asking you File was modified - save it? ( y(yes)/ n(no)/ a(ascii) ) To save the file in NYWord's special internal format, hit the 'y' key. To save the file in ASCII format, press the 'a' key. If you do not want to save the file, press 'n'. If you respond 'no', then NYWord will ask you if you are sure that you don't want to save it. This little safety measure helps prevent you from accidentally losing your work. If you typed anything else, you will get a message on the bottom telling you that the write was aborted after you type any key, you are put back into NYWord at the place you were before. This is a safeguard in case you accidentally typed <CTRL>D. When you save a file by responding with a 'y', then the file is saved in NYWord's special internal format. The saved file contains not only the text, but the format information, and any macros or footnotes you defined. The ASCII option, on the other hand, just contains the text of the document - no format information is saved. EDITING A NEW FILE WITHOUT LEAVING NYWORD You can edit a totally new file without leaving and starting up NYWord again. To do this, type <ESC><CTRL>D. NYWord will ask you if you want to save the old file, just like it does when you exit a NYWord editing session. After you type the response, NYWord asks you for the name of the new file to edit. Type it in, followed by a <CR>, and after a few seconds, you will see the new file appear on the screen. The contents of the ten scrap buffers that you used in the old file remain unchanged when you enter the new file. This means that you can pick or copy some text from the old file into a buffer, enter the new file, and deposit the contents of the buffer in the new file. (See the chapter on BLOCK COMMANDS). THE STATUS LINE On the bottom of your screen, there is a line which tells you in- formation about the file you are editing. This line is called the "status line", and it contains information about the file you are editing. There are two kinds of status lines; the "positional" status line and the "ruler" status line. The positional line gives you information about where you are in a file, and the ruler line shows you where the tabs and margins are set. Here is an example of a positional status line: col:3 line 25 of 49 mode:0 * fmt:0 file:letter 'Col' tells you what column the cursor is under. The column starts at 1, and can extend up to 32,000. The next piece of information tells you what line number of the file the cursor is on, and how many total lines the file contains. The mode tells you whether you are in overstrike mode (O) or insert mode (I). If the file was modified since the editing session began, then there will be an asterisk between the mode information and the format information. The format-block number of the current line (see chapter on formats). The file is the name of the file you are currently editing. When you start editing a file, the positional status line will be shown. You can change to the ruler line if you desire. The ruler is marked off by column. Every five columns is marked with a plus sign '+'. Also shown on this ruler are your tab stops, left margin and right margin. As you move the cursor, a "ghost cursor" will move simultaneously on the ruler to show you which column you are at. To change the status line from the regular one to the ruler, press the <STATUS LINE> key. This key is the <ALT> T key. To get the posi- tional status line back, hit the <STATUS LINE> key again. A typical ruler line looks like this: L---+---T1----+-T--2----T----3--T-+----4T---+---T5----+-T--6----R----7--T-+ The letter 'L' shows you where the left margin is; in this par- ticular format, the left margin is set at column 1. The letter 'R' shows you where the right margin is set; here it's set to column 65. Each letter 'T' marks a tab stop; you can see that a tab stop occurs every 8 columns. MESSAGES AND PROMPTS At various times through your editing session, the word processor might give you messages on the status line. After you respond to the message, the status line will be re-displayed for you. Sometimes you might press a key by mistake, or decide that you really don't want to execute a command. If you are prompted on the status line for some information, pressing the <ESC> or <CTRL>D keys will usually return you to the document, and the command will be dis- regarded. You can perform very simple editing on the status line. The following keys can be used : <HOME> moves to the first character of your response. <END> moves to the last character of your response. <BACKSPACE> deletes the character to the left of the cursor. <DEL> deletes the character under the cursor. <INS> toggles insert mode. <LEFT> moves the cursor left one character. <RIGHT> moves the cursor right one character. ERROR MESSAGES Occasionally, you might type a bad command to the word processor. If so, you will hear a bell sound, and a message telling you your er- ror will be shown on the bottom line. Typing any key will return you to your editing session. See the section on error messages to find out more on what these error messages mean and how to correct them. In the options menu, there is the 'er' option which tells the word processor whether or not to wait for a keystroke before continuing. If you do not want to press a key to acknowledge an error, then turn this option off. (See the chapter on Options.) EXAMPLE Press the <ESC> key twice. You will hear the bell sound, and on the status line will be the message: illegal instruction -- type anything to continue Press any key at all. The status line will be re-displayed and you can now continue with your editing. NYWord forces you to acknowledge the error by pressing one key after the error message is shown. HELP Type <HELP> to invoke the help function. Then type any command and the help file for that command will appear on the screen. If you didn't really want to see a help file, type <CTRL>D and your editing session will resume. The <HELP> command is the <ALT> H key. REFRESH Sometimes the screen will get a little messed up because of a num- ber of reasons. The <REFRESH> command erases your screen and redraws it, starting at the line which appears at the top of your screen. This command will in no way affect the text your file. Use this command if your screen has unwanted characters on it. The <REFRESH> command is the <ALT> R key. AUTOMATIC BACKUP (or One Million sighs of relief) For an extra measure of protection, an automatic backup feature has been integrated in NYWord. This feature makes a copy of the cur- rent state of the document that you are editing every few keystrokes. That way, you may never need to use the restore feature. In the options menu, there is now a line which reads: auto backup of file (ab) n If you want auto-backup to be turned on, type "ab y". If you look at the line which tells you the number of keystrokes for save, you can see the number of keystrokes NYWord will wait for before it saves your document out to a ".BK2" file. If you have auto-backup enabled, then after this amount of keystrokes, NYWord will write out the current version of the file to a file called "file.bk2". The "file" in "file.bk2" is the name of the file which you are currently editing. This is not the same idea as the "file.bak" file that NYWord creates when you save a document. The "file.bak" file is the "old" version of the file that existed before you changed it with NYWord. The "file.bk2" is changed continuously during the editing session, and contains the version of the file as you see it on your screen at the moment. If you always want auto-backup to be on, change it's value in the "WPDEFAUL" file. SUMMARY wp filename The command you type to enter the NYWord word processor. The file can be a brand new file, or can be an old one. The file name can be any DOS file name, including a drive letter and a path. <CTRL> D Exits the word processor. You are given the option to save your file. <ESC> <CTRL> D Like the <CTRL> D command, but NYWord will ask you for another file to edit. <HELP> (ALT H) Prints a help file on the screen. Just type the command that you want help for. <STATUS LINE> (ALT T) Toggles the status line between the "positional" status line and the "ruler" line. <REFRESH> (ALT R) Redraws the screen. BASIC EDITING INSTRUCTIONS The first thing that we are going to try with NYWord is writing a simple letter to another company. When you start your PC system, DOS will prompt you for commands. From DOS, type ==> wp letter followed by a <CR>. After a few seconds, you will see a completely blank screen, except for the status line at the bottom. The status line looks like this: col:1 line 1 of 1 mode:O fmt:0 file:letter This status line tells you that the file you are editing in called letter, and the cursor is positioned at column 1 of the screen. The mode tells you whether you are in "overstrike" or "insert" mode here, you are in overstrike mode since you see the letter 'O'. The format block associated with the first line is 0. The cursor is posi- tioned on line 1 and the last line of the document is line 1. The default margins of every new document are set at column 1 and column 75 (You can change this default setting by altering the WPFORMAT file). Now, we want to make the margins of the letter 3 and 70. To do this: ==> press the <FORMAT MENU> command (the <ALT> F key) On the screen, you will see a menu of commands that you can do. _________________________________________________ | Type n to create a new format | | | | Type o to copy an old format | | | | Type c to change an old format | | | | Type <CTRL> to return to document | |_______________________________________________| Since we want to change an existing format, press the letter 'c'. (No <CR> required here.) You will now see a menu of various formatting characteristics that your letter has. Every new file is "born" with format block #0. A format block describes the formatting attributes of your file, such as where the margins and tab stops are, the line spacing, wordwrap and justification switches, etc. The message on the bottom of the format block says: Type y to choose, n for next, ^D to return to document, <n><CR> for format ---- LAST FORMAT is 0 We can type "Y" if we want to change the format block that's shown on the screen. You can also type "N" to view the next format block (if there is one), or type a number followed by a <CR> to view that numbered format block. Typing <CRTL>D will get you back to the document. ==> press 'y' After we typed 'y', the cursor moved to the first item on the menu, which is the setting for the left margin. Now that the cursor is positioned by the left margin line, type '3' followed by a <CR> You will see the value of the left format change from 1 to 3. If you look at the ruler line near the bottom of the menu, you'll also see the letter L over position 3 of the ruler. ==> press <DOWN ARROW> You'll see the cursor move to the right margin line. ==> type "70" followed by a <CR> You'll see the value change from 80 to 70. On the ruler, an R will appear at position 70. ==> press <CTRL>D to return to your document Another way to change the margins is to press the <DOWN ARROW> key until the cursor is positioned on the ruler line. If you use the <LEFT ARROW> key, you can position the cursor at position 3. If you now type "L", you'll see the L move from position 1 to 3, and you'll also see the value of the left margin on line 2 change from 1 to 3. Do the same thing for the right margin. Use the <UP ARROW> key to get yourself out of the ruler line. A little later in this manual, you will learn how to fully util- ize the format blocks to modify the appearance of your document. There is a much easier way to change just the tabs and margins without af- fecting the rest of the format block. This method involves using the <CHANGE MARGINS> command (the <ALT> Y key). This will also be covered later in the manual. Now that the margins are properly set, you'll see the cursor po- sitioned at column 3 of the screen. Now type the following letter exactly as follows (remember to hit the carriage return key where you see the symbol <CR>): _____________________________________________________________________________ | Prof. Ralph Fraser<CR> | | International Institute for Communications<CR> | | 123 Broadway<CR> | | New York, N.Y. 10002<CR> | | <CR> | | <CR> | | Dear Professor Fraser<CR> | | <CR> | | <CR> | | Thank you for ordering WPSYNC communication program for the Universe. | | Unfortunately, while we would like to process your order immediately, | | we are unable to do so as payment was not included. <CR> | | <CR> | | The following is the total amount due:<CR> | | <CR> | | WPSYNC Communication Program $250. 00<CR> | | Shipping Charges 20. 00<CR> | | Total amount of order $270. 00<CR> | | <CR> | | <CR> | | Thank you very much for your cooperation. <CR> | | <CR> | | <CR> | | <CR> | | Sincerely yours<CR> | | <CR> | | <CR> | | <CR> | | Alice<CR> | |___________________________________________________________________________| If you make a typing mistake, you can either hit the <BACKSPACE> key or the <LEFT ARROW> key to back the cursor up one position, then typing the correct characters. You may have noticed some nice features as you were typing. The most noticeable thing was that you did not have to type a carriage return as you were nearing the end of a line. The word processor took the word that went over the right margin and placed it on the next line. This feature is called WORDWRAP. You also have some mistakes in this letter that you want to cor- rect, and some phrases that you might want to add. We will do this in the next chapter. PRINTING YOUR FILE When you want to print the file that you are currently editing, ==> Press the <WRITE> command (the <F10> key) A message will appear on the status line which says: file to write to: (CR to print) ==> Press <CR> to print the file. A table of printer options will appear on the screen. For now, just press <CTRL> D to print the file. The printer options will be discussed in the chapter on printing. MOVING THE CURSOR In the last chapter, we created a file using NYWord called "letter". Type "wp letter" to edit this file once again. We will not learn how to move the cursor in a number of ways. Since the left margin of the letter was set at 3, the cursor should be positioned at column 3 of the first line. MOVING ACROSS A LINE The arrow keys on your keyboard will be the basis for the cursor movements. Press the <RIGHT ARROW> key a few times, and you will see the cursor move rightwards one character at a time. Continue pressing this un- til you reach the end of the line. Now press the <RIGHT ARROW> key a few more times. When you reach the end of a line and you press <RIGHT ARROW>, one of two actions might occur. Either the cursor will move past the end of the line into "free space", or the cursor will move to the first character of the next line (if there is a next line). You can control this action with the "fs" option on the options menu. If the "fs" variable is 'Y', then the cursor can be moved into free space. If the "fs" variable is 'N', then the cursor cannot be moved into free space, and will move to the first charac- ter of the next line. The choice is yours to make. Try doing the same thing with the <LEFT ARROW> key. Notice that when you try to go past the beginning of a line, the cursor moves to the last character of the previous line (if there is one). The screen on a PC is usually only 80 characters wide. But your docu- ment can have up to 16,000 columns. If your document is longer than 80 columns and the cursor reaches the right border of the screen, a process called "horizontal scrolling" occurs. The document will scroll horizontal- ly, so now instead of seeing column 1 on the left of the screen and column 80 on the right of the screen, you will see column 41 on the left side and column 121 on the right. If you now move the cursor past the left side of the screen, the docu- ment will scroll horizontally rightwards. This will put column 1 back on the left side and column 80 on the right side. Each time a horizontal scroll occurs, the document scrolls horizontally by 40 columns, but you can change that in the options menu. See the chapter on the options menu for the "horizontal scroll" option. ________________________ __________________________ | | | | | 90abcdefghijklmnopqr | | klmnopqrstuvwxyz.... | | | | | | col col | horizontal | col col | | 1 80 | scroll | 41 121 | | | | | |______________________| |________________________| MOVING UP AND DOWN THE FILE Press the <DOWN ARROW> a few times. Each time you press this, the cur- sor moves down one line. The cursor tries to stay at the same column position, but if there is no text in that position, it moves to the last character of the line. When you reach the bottom of the screen and go down a line, you see that the screen scrolls upwards by one line. If you try to move past the last line, the bell sounds and the cursor stays where it was. So you see that you cannot move the cursor to where there's no text. Try the same thing with the <UP ARROW> key and watch how it works. Watch what happens when you get to the top of the screen. The "fs" variable mentioned above also applies to cursor movements with the <UP ARROW> and <DOWN ARROW> keys. If the "fs" variable is 'Y', then you can move the cursor into "free space". MOVING ONE WORD AT A TIME Now we are going to try to move a word at a time instead of a character at a time. Press <CTRL> <RIGHT ARROW> This command moves you to the beginning of the next word, even if that word starts on another line. Press <CTRL> <LEFT ARROW> This command will move you backwards one word at a time. Try this a few times to get the hang of it. MOVING ONE PARAGRAPH AT A TIME Instead of moving a line at a time, let's move a paragraph at a time. A paragraph is defined as text that follows a blank line or a line that beings with a paragraph tab. Go the first line of the file. Press <CTRL> <PGDN> Do this a few times. Watch the cursor jump to the next paragraph. Notice that when the next paragraph is not on the screen, the screen "redraws" to place the beginning of the next paragraph a few lines from the top. If there are no more paragraphs, the cursor sits where it was. Try the same thing with <CTRL> <PGUP> and watch the cursor jump up a paragraph at a time. MOVING TO THE FIRST AND LAST CHARACTER OF A LINE There are two keys which enable you to jump to the beginning or the end of a line. The <HOME> key will position you at the left margin of the line where the cursor is. The <END> key will position you just after the last character of the line. Try this a few times with different lines. MOVING TO THE TOP AND BOTTOM OF THE SCREEN You can position yourself at the first character of the top line on the screen by pressing the <CTRL> <HOME> key. Likewise, you can move to the first character of the bottom line you see on the screen by pressing the <CTRL> <END> key. If the last line of the file is above the bottom of the screen, the cursor will move to the line. MOVING TO THE TOP AND BOTTOM OF THE FILE Moving to the first line of your file and to the last character of your file are extremely simple. The <GOTO TOP> key is the <SHIFT> <HOME> key. To move to the end of your file, use the <GOTO EOF> command. This command is done by pressing the <SHIFT> <END> key. MOVING TO A LINE NUMBER There is also a way of moving to a specific line number or moving a specified number of lines up or down from where you are now. Press the <GOTO LINE> key (the <ALT> G key) You will see a message on the bottom of the screen which says line number" Type in a number followed by a <CR> and you will see the cursor jump to that line number. If no such line number exists (for instance, you typed 0 or 100 when there were only 90 lines in the file), the system will tell you that you typed a bad line number. Try this to go to line 10. A way of going to the first line in your file, no matter where you are positioned now, is to press <GOTO LINE> and type "1". The <GOTO LINE> command is more powerful than this. If you type "+" followed by a number, the cursor will move DOWN that many lines. Since you are now at line 10, press <GOTO LINE> and then type "+5". You will see the cursor jump down to line 15 of your file. Now press <GOTO LINE> and type "-7" you'll see the cursor jump to line 8 of the file, which is 7 lines UP from line 15. There is a short way of telling the cursor to jump to the last line of the file. Press <GOTO LINE> line number: $ "$" is a way of saying "the last line in the file". You'll see the cursor jump to the last line, which is the line after "Alice". Try pressing <GOTO LINE> and typing "$-10". You'll see the cursor goto the 11th line from the last line (or last line minus 10 lines). NOTE: A way of going to the last line of the file is to press <NEXT PAGE> if there are no pagebreaks after the current line. Likewise, pressing <PREV PAGE> moves to the first line of the file only if there are no pagebreaks before the current line. This will be discussed further in another chapter. BOOKMARKS You can place your thumb at a certain position and move there directly whenever you want. You have 26 different "bookmarks", labelled 'a' through 'z'. To place a bookmark at the exact place where the cursor is, press the <BOOKMARK> key (the <ALT> B key) You will see a message come up on the screen asking you to name the bookmark. name the bookmark ('a' - 'z'): Just type in one lower-case letter. In this case, just press the 'a' key. The status line will re-appear and you can continue to edit the file. To go to that bookmarked position from wherever you are in your document, press the <GOTO LINE> command. Instead of typing the line number, type the bookmark's name and press <CR>. If there is a line corresponding to that bookmark, you will jump to it immediately, or else a message will come up telling you that there was no bookmark by that name. As an example, we will go to the line and column of the bookmark named 'a'. Press the <GOTO LINE> key (<ALT> G) line number: a The cursor will now move to the line that we marked, and the column where the bookmark was placed. If you delete a line that had a bookmark on it, then that bookmark will no longer exist. If you name a bookmark with a letter that was used already, that name will correspond to the new position. You cannot use the bookmark to go to that old position. OTHER CURSOR COMMANDS There are other commands which let you scroll continuously through your document, forwards and backwards. There are also commands that will move you a page at a time, or to a specific page. Since these commands are useful only when you have a document that is more than a page long, these commands will be discussed in the chapter on multi-page documents. There are commands which let you search for a word and move the cursor to the next or previous line which contains that word. These commands are covered in the chapter on searching and substituting text. SUMMARY OF CURSOR COMMANDS <UP ARROW> Move up one line <DOWN ARROW> Move down one line <CTRL> <PGUP> Move up one paragraph <CTRL> <PGDN> Move down one paragraph <LEFT ARROW> Move left one character <RIGHT ARROW> Move right one character <CTRL> <LEFT ARROW> Move back one word <CTRL> <RIGHT ARROW> Move forward one word <CTRL> <HOME> Move to the top of the screen <CTRL> <END> Move to the bottom of the screen or to the last line of the file, whichever comes first <HOME> Move to the first character of a line <END> Move just after last character of a line <SHIFT> <HOME> Move to the top of the file <SHIFT> <END> Move to the end of the file <GOTO LINE> Move to a specific line number responses are n move to line number n a-z move to bookmark named $ move to last line n[+-]m move m lines after or before line n [+-]m move m lines after or before current position <BOOKMARK> Mark the current line and the column where the cursor is. INSERTING & DELETING TEXT In the previous chapters, we learned how to type in a letter, move the cursor around the text, and change the margins. This chapter will show you how to add and delete text from your file. We are going to edit the file called "letter" that we've been using in the past two chapters, so if you are not currently editing that file, type ==> wp letter Use the cursor movement commands to position yourself under the "F" in the word "Fraser". Let's say that you want to change this word to "Hanson". When you type the word "Hanson", you will see the new characters replacing the old characters. This is called "overstrike mode", which means that any characters you type will replace whatever characters were at that position before. The word processor puts you in overstrike mode automatically. (We will learn how to change the default mode to "insert mode" later. ) before - Dear Prof. Fraser, - type Hanson, after - Dear Prof. Hanson, Now use the <PREV WORD> command to position yourself at the "P" in "Prof, Hanson,". We want to change the word "Prof." to "Mr.". ==> Press the <DEL WORD> command (the <SHIFT> <DEL> key) You will see the word "Prof." disappear. The sentence looks like Dear Hanson, - Now press the <INS> key and type "Mr.". You will see everthing to the right of the cursor slide over to the right as you're typing. This is called "insert mode", because each character is being inserted at the cursor position. When you are in insert mode, the old characters are not being destroyed as in overstrike mode, but merely pushed over to make room for the new characters. Typing any other command will get you out of the insert mode, so you don't need to worry about having a command inserted as text! The <INS> key will toggle you between insert mode and overstrike mode. You can tell which mode you are in by looking at the status line at the bottom of the screen. Look for the word "mode:". The letter next to it will be an 'O' if you are in overstrike mode, and an 'I' if you are in insert mode. Exercise - Change all occurences of "WPSYNC" to "WPSync" in the letter. DELETING CHARACTERS There are two methods of removing an individual character from the file. If you press the <DEL> key, you will see the character over the cursor disappear and the rest of the characters slide over to the left to fill the vacant place. You can also delete the character just to the left of the cursor by pressing the <BACKSPACE> key. This is useful if you just typed a wrong character. Pressing <BACKSPACE> will erase that bad character. Exercise - Go the line that says "The following is the total amount due:" and position the cursor over the colon. Press <INS> and type "next wo". So far, the line looks like: The following is the total amount due next wo: _ Now press <DELETE> and you will see the 'o' disappear. Type "eek". Now position yourself back a few words to the word "total". Press <DEL CHAR> six times to remove that word (you know that the <DEL WORD> command would do the same thing). Now, the line looks like this: The following is the amount due next week: - DELETING TO THE END OF THE LINE The <DELEOL> command (the <SHIFT> Numeric keypad 5 key) will delete all characters from the cursor position until the end of the line. For example, if the current line looks like this : The following is the amount due next week: - After pressing <DELEOL>, the line looks like this : The following is the - INSERTING A LINE Go to the line which says "Thank you very much for your cooperation" and position the cursor at the beginning of that line. Now press the <INS LINE> command (the <F2> key). You'll see a blank line appear where the cursor is, and the rest of the text shifted down one line. ___________________________________________________________ | Total amount of order $270. 00 | | | | | | - | | Thank you very much for your cooperation. | |_________________________________________________________| The <INS LINE> command inserts a blank line for before the current line. The <INS LINE> command is done by pressing the <F2> key. Now type the following: If you will send payment to us, we will ship your software out to you as soon as possible. Hopefully, the impending post office strike will not delay the deliver too much. <CR> <CR> DELETING A SENTENCE Let's assume that you don't care very much for that last sentence you just typed. Position yourself over the "H" in the word "Hopefully" and press the <SEARCH & MARK> command (the <ALT> F7 key). On the bot- tom of the screen, you will see a message saying "type character to find". Press the '.' key. This tells the word processor that you want to do something to all characters from the "H" up until the next period. The sentence will be highlighted, and a message on the bottom will say d(el),p(ick & clear),a(ppend),c(copy),C(ase),w(rite),:D(forget) Press 'd' You will see the sentence disappear. You just told the word processor to delete the sentence. The <SEARCH & MARK> command is one of the ways of marking a block of text for a certain operation. Typical operations on a block of text including deleting it, copying it to another location, and moving it to another location. Block commands will be discussed further in the chapter on blocks. DELETING A LINE The <DEL LINE> command (the <F1> key) is used to delete the line of text that the cursor is on. This could contain a whole sentence, part of a sentence, a blank line, or a row of numbers. When you press the <DEL LINE> key, the line will disappear and the lines under it will move up to fill the empty space. This command can also take a number before it, which indicates how many lines to delete starting from the current line. For instance, if you typed <ESC> 3 <DEL LINE> then three lines would be deleted. EXAMPLE If the cursor is on the line of 'y's, press <DEL LINE> before after _______________________ _______________________ | xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx | | xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx | | yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy | | zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz | | zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz | | aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa | | aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa | | bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb | |_____________________| |_____________________| UNDOING A DELETE If you mistakenly deleted a line or a block of text, you can re- cover it by using the <UNDO> command (the <ALT> U key). If you un- delete a line or a block of text, you are given a choice to insert, overlay or push the undeleted line. Respond with 'i' to insert it before the line where the cursor is. These three options are further discussed in the chapter dealing with block operations and the chapter dealing with column operations. SUMMARY <INS> toggles between insert and overstrike mode. <DEL> deletes the character under the cursor. <BACKSPACE> deletes the character to the left of the cursor. If the cursor is at the left margin, the current line is joined to the previous line. <DEL WORD> deletes the word underneath the cursor. <SH> <DEL> <DELEOL> deletes to the end of the current line <SH> NUMERIC 5 <INS LINE> opens up a blank line above the line where the <F2> cursor is. <DEL LINE> deletes the lines where the cursor is. You can also <F1> delete the next n lines by <ESC> n <DEL LINE>, where 'n' is the number of lines to delete. <UNDO> undeletes the last line or last block deleted <ALT> U <SEARCH & MARK> highlights an area for a specific command. Typing <ALT> <F7> 'd' will delete the marked area. WORKING WITH PARAGRAPHS REFORMATTING A PARAGRAPH You can't help editing a document without adding and deleting characters. When you do this, you will see the paragraph lose its "shape". A paragraph can always be "re-beautified" by using the <REFORMAT> command (the <ALT> K key). All lines from the current line (the line where the cursor is) until the end of the paragraph will be reformatted to fit between the margins, and justified if necessary. When you change the margins of a paragraph or the document, you want the paragraph to fit nicely between the new margins. To do this, you must position the cursor at the first line of the paragraph to reformat and press <REFORMAT>. EXAMPLE Let's say that a paragraph is justified, with a left margin of 1 and a right margin of 30. __________________________________ | xxxxx xxxx xxxxxx xxxx xx xxxx | | xx xxxx xxxxx xx x xxxxx xxx x | | xxxxxx xxxx xxx xxx x xxx x. | |________________________________| If you added and deleted several characters from the first and second sentences, the paragraph might look like this: __________________________________ | xxxxx xxxx xxxxxx xxxx xxxx | | xx xxxx xxxxx xx x xxx x | | xxxxxx xxxx xxx xxx x xxx x. | |________________________________| To reformat the paragraph, position the cursor at the first character of the paragraph and press <REFORMAT>. The paragraph will look something like this __________________________________ | xxxxx xxxx xxxxxx xxxx xxxx xx | | xxxx xxxxx xx x xxx x xxxxxx | | xxxx xxx xxx x xxx x. | |________________________________| If we change the right to 20, we would want to have the text reformatted to lie withing the new margins. Again, move the cursor to the first line of the paragraph and press <REFORMAT>. The paragraph will look like this: _________________________ | xxxxx xxxx xxxxxx | | xxxx xxxx xx xxxx | | xxxxx xx x xxx x | | xxxxxx xxxx xxx xxx | | x xxx x. | |_______________________| JOINING TWO LINES By putting the cursor on the left margin of a line and pressing the <BACKSPACE> key, the line on which the cursor is located is joined with the previous line to form one bigger line. For example, there are two lines in the file which look like this: Hello, how are you today? I am doing very well. - and the cursor is on the second line under the 'i' of "doing". If you want to join the two lines, Press <HOME> and the cursor will move to the first character of the line. Hello, how are you today? I am doing very well. - Now, press <BACKSPACE>, and the result will be this: Hello, how are you today?I am doing very well. - Sometimes you may want to join a line with the line UNDER it. The way to do this is to go to the end of the current line (press the <END> key), then press the <DEL> key. You will see the line joined with the next line. Taking the example from above, let's say the cur- sor was positioned on the first line like so: Hello, how are you today? - I am doing very well. To position the cursor at the end of the line, and then join the line : ==> Press the <END> key, then ==> Press the <DEL> key If you have a blank line where the only character on it is the carriage return, it can be deleted by the method described above. You may find this way more convenient than using the <DEL LINE> command to delete the line. This method can also be used to join two paragraphs. Let's say that you have two paragraphs which look like this: ____________________________ | xxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxx | | xxxx xxxxx xxx xxx xxxx | | xxxxxxx. | | | | yyyyyyy yyy y yyy yyy | | yyy y y yyyyy yy yyy yy | | yyyyyy yyy yyyy. | |__________________________| To join these two paragraphs, first position the cursor at the first word of the second paragraph. Then press the <BACKSPACE> key several times until the first line of the second paragraph is joined to the last line of the first paragraph. The screen should look some- thing like this: __________________________________ | xxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxx | | xxxx xxxxx xxx xxx xxxx | | xxxxxxx.yyyyyyy yyy y yyy yyy | | yyy y y yyyyy yy yyy yy | | yyyyyy yyy yyyy. | |________________________________| The two paragraphs have been joined to make one larger paragraph. But as you can see, the new paragraph is no longer justified. If you press the <REFORMAT> key, the rest of the paragraph will be refor- matted to fit within the margins, and will be rejustified if neces- sary. SPLITTING A LINE Let's say that you have one big paragraph that you would like to split into two smaller paragraphs. Position yourself under the first character of the sentence that is to start the new paragraph and press the <CR> key. You will see the right side of that line move to the next line. Now use the <REFORMAT> command to fix up the new paragraph. But before you do, you have to remember that our definition of a paragraph is a line with a blank line before it, or a line that starts with a paragraph indent. Use one of the methods you learned before to make the newly split lines a paragraph. As an example, if you have a big paragraph which looks like this: ____________________________ | xxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxx | | xxxx xxxxx xxx xxx xxxx | | xxxxxxx. yyyy yyy yyy y | | y yyyyyyy yyy y yyy yyy | | yyy y y yyyyy yy yyy yy | | yyyyyy yyy yyyy. | |__________________________| and you wanted to split the paragraph into two smaller ones starting at the 'y's, ==> Position the cursor at the first 'y'. ==> Type <CR> twice The screen will look like this: ___________________________ | xxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxx | | xxxx xxxxx xxx xxx xxxx | | xxxxxxx. | | | | yyyy yyy yyy y | | y yyyyyyy yyy y yyy yyy | | yyy y y yyyyy yy yyy yy | | yyyyyy yyy yyyy. | |_________________________| Now use the <REFORMAT> command to reformat the newly created second paragraph so that it will be justified again. Before doing this, you might want to put a paragraph tab before the first character of the new paragraph (if it should be indented like the other paragraphs). To do this, place the cursor anywhere on the first line of the new paragraph, and press <PARA INDENT> (the <ESC> TAB key). JUSTIFICATION Justification is the process of inserting spaces between the words so that the last character of each line falls on the right margin. All of the paragraphs in this manual are right justified. You can enable justification from the format menu under the option that says "justification". Type "Y" to turn it on or "N" to turn it off. Now every time you type a line and you go over the right margin, the line will be justified. When you reformat a paragraph with the method discussed above, and justification is on, the paragraph will be rejustified to fit exactly between the margins. HYPHENATION When you reformat a paragraph, there are two ways to have hyphena- tion performed. First, if you want hyphenation to be performed at all, go to the options menu and type "hy y". This will enable hyphenation when you reformat a paragraph. If the "hy" parameter is OFF, then no hyphenation will be attempted. The two methods of hyphenation are "manual" and "automatic". In the options menu, you will see an option for automatic hyphenation. This option is the "ah" paramter. If this option is OFF, manual hyphenation is performed. With automatic hyphenation, the word processor will analyze a word and insert a hyphen automatically in the word where it detects the end of a syllable. This is a very sophisticated algorithm which doesn't use a dictionary. (Thanks to Donald Knuth and James Gimpel for their algorithms). There's a small chance that the word will be hyphenated in the wrong place. In that rare case, you can put the cursor over the first character in the word, split the line, and reformat. A testimony to the accuracy of this algorithm is this user's manual. Automatic hyphenation was used whenever paragraphs were reformatted, and we never had to change the hyphenation of a word! With manual hyphenation, you are given a choice where you want the word hyphenated. When you reformat a paragraph, and the word processor finds a word that could possibly be hyphenated, the word will appear on the bottom of the screen with the cursor under the last character where a hyphen can go. You can use your left and right arrow keys to move the cursor to the place where you would like a hyphen. Then press '-' to put a hyphen at that point. You are not allowed to move past the last hyphenation point in the word. If you don't want the word hyphenated at all, just press <CR>. As an example, let's say that a line can't fit between the margins, and the end of the line looks like this: .......... the disappearence |_______ right margin If the line was part of a paragraph that was reformatted, when NYWord tries to adjust this line, it will find that the word "disappearence" is too long to fit on the line. As illustrated above, the line has two characters too many. If manual hyphenation was chosen, then the word "disappearence" will appear on the status line with the cursor under the 'n'. This means that the rightmost position where a hyphen can be inserted is between the 'e' and the 'n'. Move the cursor to the second letter 'e' and press '-'. The paragraph will now look like this: ........... the disappear- ence ..................... The advantage of automatic hyphenation is that you don't need to take the time to hyphenate a word when a paragraph is reformatted. Automatic hyphenation is also fairly fast. Manual hyphenation might be time consuming if you have long paragraphs or many paragraphs to reformat. However, manual hyphenation gives you more control over the point where a word will be hyphenated. With both methods, a "soft hyphen" is inserted into the word. A soft hyphen will print out on the paper as a '-', but if you make changes to that paragraph, and then you reformat that paragraph again, the soft hyphen might disappear. You can insert a "hard" hyphen into a word yourself by pressing '-'. This should be used when you are typing words which are naturally hyphenated, like "mother-in-law". These "hard" hyphens will not be removed when a paragraph is reformatted. JUSTIFYING A LINE The <JUSTIFY> command (the <ALT> J key) will justify the line where the cursor is. Recall that justification means that the text will be aligned on the left and right margins. This command can be used to justify a section of text without having to turn the jus- tification option in the format menu. If you delete several characters from a justified line, and you don't want to reformat the rest of the (justified) paragraph, you can rejustify the changed lined by pressing <JUSTIFY>. This command will also take a number before it, so typing <ESC> 5 <JUSTIFY> will justify the next five lines. REMOVING JUSTIFICATION FROM A LINE The <SQUASH> command (the <CTRL> Q key) is used to remove multiple blanks from between words in a line. It also can take a number before it like the <JUSTIFY> command. The only reason that you might want to use this command is to remove the justification from a line. For in- stance, the line where the cursor is looks like this: How are you today? I think that I'm doing very well. By pressing the <SQUASH> key, the line will be transformed to How are you today? I think that I'm doing very well. All adjacent blanks are removed. However, if you had any tabs in the line, they would not be removed (unless you chose to have the tabs expanded into blanks). So, if a line begins with a paragraph tab, and you squashed the line, the paragraph tab would remain intact in the line. SUMMARY <REFORMAT> adjusts the lines from the current line until the end of <ALT> K paragraph. Each line will fit within the left and right margins and justified if the justification option is on. <JUSTIFY> justifies the line which the cursor is on. <ALT> J <SQUASH> removes adjacent blanks from the line which the cursor is <CTRL> Q on. Both the <JUSTIFY> and <SQUASH> commands can take a numerical prefix. Hyphenation variables in the options menu : hyphenation on (hy) YES if hyphenation should be performed when reformatting a paragraph automatic hyph (ah) YES if automatic hyphenation enabled, NO if you want to hyphenate manually hot zone (hz) minimum number of characters in the left part of a hyphenated word THE FORMAT MENU FORMAT PARAMETERS Formatting information which affects the way your lines and pages look is kept in a table called a "format block". Each line in your file is "associated" with a format block. All lines in the file can be associated with one format block, or each line can be associated with its own format block. The usual case is that all lines will be as- sociated with format block 0. The format block which is used by NYWord to determine the format of a line is called the "CURRENT format block". The margins, tabs, spacing, and associated parameters of the CURRENT format block is used to determine the number of characters in a line, the amount of space between two lines, etc. Each new file that you edit is automatically "born" with format block 0. The block and its default settings is shown below. To change any of the parameters in format block 0, use the <FORMAT MENU> command (the <ALT> F key). You will see the following menu : __________________________________________ | Type n to create a new format | | | | Type o to copy an old format | | | | Type c to change an old format | | | | Type <CTRL>D to return to document | |________________________________________| Type 'c' and then you will see format block 0 come up on the screen. Here is what format block 0 looks like, with the default values: ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │FORMAT BLOCK 0 │ │left margin 1 │ │right margin 65 │ │top margin 10 │ │bottom margin 56 │ │spacing 1 │ │justification Y │ │wordwrap Y │ │page length 66 │ │header position 3 │ │footer position 0 │ │headers & footers - (press <SPACE BAR>) │ │ │ │L---+---T1----+-T--2----T----3--T-+----4T---+---T5----+-T--6----R--│ │ │ │ The last format is 0 │ │Type Y to choose, N for next, ESC to return, <n> for format #n │ └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ If you see a format block that you want to change, type 'Y'. You can view the next format block (if there is one) by typing 'N' for Next. If there are many format blocks, you can type the number of the block you want to see, followed by a <CR>. You can type <CTRL>D or <ESC> at any time to return to the document. Type 'Y' to tell NYWord that you want to change this format block. You can now use your <UP ARROW> and <DOWN ARROW> keys to move along the menu. When you come to a parameter that you want to change, type the new value in. If you want to change a numeric value, such as a margin setting, type the new value followed by a <CR>. If you want to change a yes/no parameter like wordwrap, type a 'Y' or an 'N' without a <CR>. If you want to type in a header or a footer, just type the text. Exercise: Position the cursor at the left margin parameter and type '5' followed by a <CR>. You will see the left margin indicator on the ruler that's at the bottom of the screen move to position 5. Now change the right margin to 60. You will see the right margin indicator move. USING THE RULER LINE TO CHANGE TABS & MARGINS The ruler line is the last line you see on the format block. Every ten columns are marked with a digit, and every five columns are marked with a plus sign. The letter 'L' shows you where the left mar- gin is set, and the letter 'R' is where the right margin is set. Each tab stop is marked with the letter 'T', and each decimal tab stop is marked with the letter 'D'. To change a setting on it, use the <DOWN ARROW> key to move to the ruler. Once you are on the ruler line, you can use your <LEFT ARROW> and <RIGHT ARROW> keys to move across the ruler. You can use the <TAB> key to move rightwards by one tab stop, and the <CTRL><LEFT ARROW> sequence to move back one tab stop. Move the cursor to position 3 on the ruler and type 'L' (letter L). You will see the left margin indicator move to column 3 if you look at the left margin parameter at the top of the screen, you see that it has also changed to '3'. Any change that you make in the margins will be reflected both on the ruler and in the numerical parameter. You can add a regular tab stop by typing a 'T' when the cursor is positioned over the column where you want the tab stop. You can put in a decimal tab stop by typing 'D'. You can clear a tab stop by po- sitioning the cursor over the tab stop to clear and pressing the <DEL> key. You can also clear ALL tab stops by pressing <BACKSPACE>. The default tabs stops are every eight columns, starting at column 1. As an exercise, change the tabs stops to every five columns. To move the cursor upwards to another parameter, type a <CR>, <UP ARROW>, <CTRL>D, or <ESC>. To return to the document, press <CTRL>D. The changes that you made will be recorded in that format block. REFORMATTING THE CHANGED LINES If you changed the left margin, then all lines which are as- sociated with that format block will have their left margins changed. This will be shown when the lines are redisplayed on the screen. However, if you changed the right margin, then you must reformat the lines if you want by pressing <REFORMAT> (the ALT K key). See the chapter on paragraphs for more information on the reformatting operation. Let's say that you have been typing some paragraphs with the mar- gins set at 1 and 75, and you decide that the next two paragraphs should have margins 10 and 50. Press <FORMAT MENU> and type 'n' for a new format block. You will see format block 1 appear on the screen; the values of the parameters are the same as format block 0. Whenever you request a new format block, it takes on the same values as the format block that's associated with the line that the cursor is on. For instance, if you have 5 different format blocks (numbered 0 through 4) and if the line where the cursor is on is associated with format block 2, then when you ask for a new format block, the new block will be numbered 5 and will have the same values as format block 2. Continuing with the example above, change the margins of the new format block 1 to be 10 and 50. Now type the next two paragraphs with the new margins. After these two paragraphs are finished, you would like to have the rest of the paragraphs conform to format block 0. Press <FORMAT MENU> and press 'c'. We aren't going to change format block 0, but we would like the rest of the lines to be associated with it. Type 'y' to choose format block 0, then type <CTRL>D to return to your document. Even though we haven't altered format block 0, we have made it the "current format", in other words, the format that all subsequent lines will be associated with. To find out which format block a line is associated with, look at the status line. In the middle of the status line, there is a section which says "fmt:#", where '#' is some number. That number is the num- ber of the format block associated with the line where the cursor is. CREATING NEW AND COPYING OLD FORMAT BLOCKS When you use the <FORMAT MENU> command, you have the option of either creating a new format block, or copying an old format block. When you create a new format, the initial value of the parameters in the new format block will be that of the CURRENT format block. The reason for this is that for the most part, the format of lines will resemble the format of the lines surrounding them. If you have many format blocks, you might want to set the CURRENT format to be one of those blocks. To do this, type 'o' in response to the prompt. When the current format block is shown on the screen, use the methods discussed above to display the format block which you would like to become the CURRENT format. When the proper format block is shown, just type 'y' to choose that format block. You will returned to the document, and you can now continue editing it. The format block that you chose will be used to determine how the lines are formatted. CHANGING JUST THE TABS & MARGINS You don't need to access the entire format menu if you want to make changes to just the margins or tabs. The <CHANGE MARGINS> command (the <ALT> Y key) is used to make changes to the margins and tabs of either the CURRENT format block, or a new format block. When you press the <CHANGE MARGINS> key, a message will appear on the status line which says: type c to change current format, n to create new format If you type a 'c', then the ruler line of the current format block will be shown on the status line. If you type 'n', then a new format block will be created, and its ruler line will be shown. You can now use the commands that were discussed above to change the left or right margins, or the tab stops. When you are finished, type <CR> or <CTRL>D to resume editing the document. The new settings will take effect. This command is easier to use than the <FORMAT MENU> command if you want to change only the margins or tabs. However, you must use the <FORMAT MENU> command to change any of the other parameters in the format block, such as headers & footers. The <CHANGE MARGINS> command is also useful in making temporary changes to the margins. This is di- scussed below. A WORD ABOUT LEFT MARGINS Most of the margin changes that you make will be to the right margin. Varying just the right margin will vary the number of charac- ters that will be allowed on a line. So, if you need to type a few lines which are longer than the current right margin, you can create a new format block and set the right margin to the higher value. After typing the long lines, change back to the old format block. If you don't think that you will ever be changing these long lines, then it's easier to just change the right margin of the current format block. After typing these lines, just change the right margin back to its original value. As an example, this chapter was written with the left margin set at 1 and the right margin set at 65. But if you look at the illustra- tion of format block #0 above, you see that the ruler line and the line under it are longer than 65 characters. To type those lines, I followed the following procedure: ==> Press <CHANGE MARGINS> ==> type 'c' to change the current format ==> use the <TAB> and <RIGHT ARROW> keys to position the cursor at column 85 ==> press 'r' to set the new right margin at 85 ==> press <CR> to return to the document ==> type the two long lines follow the above steps to change the right margin back to 65 CHANGING FORMATS You can change the format block number associated with an exist- ing line or a group of lines. To do this, you must use the marking procedure discussed in the chapter on block commands. Mark off the line or number of lines (usually a paragraph) that you want to change by using the key or the <SEARCH&MARK> command. When you are prompted for the block command that you would like to do, type 'f'. The 'f' stands for "format". You will be shown the format menu, as if you were doing a <FORMAT MENU> command. Choose the particular format block that you want, then type <CTRL>D to exit the format menu. Whatever format block you chose will now be the format block as- sociated with the marked lines. CHANGING FORMAT BLOCK 0 PERMANENTLY NYWord comes with a file called WPFORMAT. This file has the default settings of format block 0. When NYWord starts up, it will search your current directory and then the directories in your DOS PATH for the WPFORMAT file. If it is found, then the values found in the file are used for format block 0. *** If you modify this file, then YOU MUST SAVE IT IN ASCII!!!! SUMMARY <FORMAT MENU> allows you to change the parameters of a format <ALT> F block <CHANGE MARGINS> a quick way to change the settings of the tabs <ALT> Y and the margins of the CURRENT format block commands to use when changing a ruler L sets the left margin at the cursor position R sets the right margin at the cursor position T sets a regular tab stop at the cursor position D sets a decimal tab stop at the cursor position <DEL> clears the tab stop at the cursor position <BACKSPACE> clears all of the tabs stops <LEFT> moves the cursor one position back <RIGHT> advances the cursor one position <TAB> advances the cursor to the next tab stop <CTRL> <LEFT> cursor moves to the previous tab stop MANIPULATING BLOCKS OF TEXT In the previous chapter, you learned how to put new lines of text into your file and how to remove lines. A common operation in most word process- ing is moving or copying a block of text from one part of your file to another part. This chapter will cover block operations. Type "wp letter2", and enter the following text into the system: ________________________________________________________________________________ | | | October 5, 1984<CR> | | <CR> | | Mr. Arm Strong<CR> | | Afima Enterpreses | | 67 Blossom Road | | Cleveland, Ohio 44115 | | <CR> | | Dear Mr. Strong<CR> | | <CR> | | Thank you for your letter of June 13 regarding the revised version of our | | financial software.<CR> | | <CR> | | Further enhancements are scheduled for approximately every six months, but | | there has not been any mention at this time of allowing the data or program | | to be copied to a device such as you suggested. However, there has been | | interest in allowing the user to copy the data to a hard disk.<CR> | | <CR> | | Thank you for your comments, and if I can be of any further assistance, | | please do not hesitate to contact me.<CR> | | <CR> | | Sincerely,<CR> | | <CR> | | <CR> | | Michael Baker<CR> | | Wall Street Software<CR> | |______________________________________________________________________________| Position yourself at the line which starts "Further enhancements.." and press <INS LINE> (the F2 key). Now type the following paragraph: We always appreciate hearing from our customers, and we always take your suggestions into consideration. Wall Street Software strives to maintain its reputation as the leader in financial software, and continued customer satisfaction is one of our main goals.<CR> MOVING A PARAGRAPH There are two ways of moving the paragraph that you just typed to a new location. Position yourself at the first character in that paragraph. ==> Press the <SEARCH & MARK> command (the <ALT> F7 key) You will be prompted with a message that says: type character to find At the prompt, type <CR>. You will now see the entire paragraph high- lighted. Whenever you respond to the <SEARCH&MARK> command with a <CR>, you tell the system to consider the entire paragraph. If you had responded by typing any other character, NYWord would search for the next occurence of that character. If the character was found, then all text from the cursor position to that character will be highlighted. Now you will see a message at the bottom of the screen asking you to type in the marked command. The message says: d(el),f(ormat),p(ick&clear),a(ppend),c(opy),k(ase),w(rite) ==> Press the 'p' key to pick You will see the highlighted paragraph vanish. But don't worry! It's saved somewhere. There are ten different areas that NYWord has where you can save any amount of text. These special areas are called "buffers", and they are num- bered from 0 to 9. Most of the time you only need one buffer. As you can see, the pick command deletes the text that was highlighted. Each of the ten buffers can contain any amount of text, from a single character up to several pages of information. You can keep frequently used paragraphs or sentences in a buffer, and paste them into your document wherever you wish. When you copy or cut a block of text out of your document, it's always placed in the CURRENT PICK BUFFER. By default, the current pick buffer is buffer 0. You can toggle between pick buffers by using the <CHG PICKBUF> command (the <CTRL> F7 key). For instance, to make pick buffer 2 the current pick buffer, press <CHG PICKBUF> and press the number '2'. Any text that you subsequently cut or copy using the block commands will be saved in buffer 2. The contents of the other buffers are left undisturbd. Now position yourself at the line which begins "Thank you for your comments...". ==> Press <PUT> (the SHIFT F9 key) Now the system asks you if you want the text inserted, overlayed or pushed insert(i), overlay(o) or push(p) ? ==> Press 'i' or press <CR> We will discuss these other options later. You will see the paragraph that you saved appear over this paragraph. The document will now look like this: ________________________________________________________________________________ | | | However, there has been interest in allowing the user to copy the data to | | a hard disk. | | | | We always appreciate hearing from our customers, and we always take your | | suggestions into consideration. Wall Street Software strives to maintain | | its reputation as the leader in financial software, and continued customer | | satisfaction is one of our main goals. | | | | Thank you for your comments, and if I can be of any further assistance, | | please do not hesitate to contact me. | | | | Sincerely, | |______________________________________________________________________________| The <PUT> command tells NYWord to take the contents of one of the ten buffers and to place it in a certain way in your file. When you typed "i", you told the <PUT> command to insert the contents of the buffer before the line where the cursor is. We had mentioned that there were two ways to mark a paragraph. Posi- tion yourself at the first character of the paragraph which begins "Thank you for your comments...". ==> Press (the F7 key) You will see a grey rectangle appear where the cursor is. This charac- ter shows you where you marked a block of text from. Now use the cursor keys to position yourself under the word "me". ==> Press again, and you will see the entire paragraph highlighted. Press 'p' to delete the paragraph and save it in buffer 0. Now, try to place the saved paragraph before the paragraph which starts "Further enhancements...". NOTE: If you highlighted some block of text and you decide that you don't want to perform a block command, press <CTRL>D or <ESC> when the sys- tem asks you for the marked command. This will remove all highlighting. Then, you can start the marking operation over again if you want. NOTE: You can remove the prompting that occurs when you use the <PUT> command by setting the 'pu' option in the options menu to 'N'. You can permanently modify this by altering the WPDEFAUL file. PICKING A LINE You can pick an entire line by using the <PICK> command. You can also pick a specified number of lines by typing <ESC> n <PICK>, where n is the number of lines to pick. For instance, typing <ESC> 5 <PICK> will pick the next 5 lines. The <PICK> command is done by pressing the <F8> key. There are actually two different kinds of picking commands. The first kind is performed when you press 'p' in response to a block command, or when you use the <PICK> command. This type of pick will clear out the buf- fer before putting the picked text into the buffer. The 'a' option or the <PICK&APP> (SHIFT F8 key) command will append the picked text to the end of the buffer without destroying what was in the buffer before. Let's assume that we picked some text and placed it into buffer 2. buffer 2 ------------------------------ | Hello how are you today. | ------------------------------ If you picked the line "I am doing OK." with the 'p' option or the <PICK> command, and you used buffer 2, the contents of buffer 2 will be: buffer 2 ------------------------------ | I am doing OK. | ------------------------------ Notice that the old contents of buffer 2 was wiped out. Now if you pick the line "I hope we can meet soon." with the 'a' op- tion, or use the <PICK&APP> key, and you used buffer 2, the contents of buffer 2 will be: buffer 2 ------------------------------ | I am doing OK. | | I hope we can meet soon. | ------------------------------ COPYING TEXT You saw how the pick operation deleted the text that you marked. But sometimes you want to mark a block of text and leave it where it was and then place the contents of the buffer somewhere else in the file. This is called "copying", and you can make a copy of any block of text and put the copy anywhere else in your file. Just mark your text using either of the two methods discussed above, and instead of pressing the 'p' or 'a' keys, press the 'c' key. Even though the marked text is not deleted, the copy still exists in the buffer you put it in. The copy command clears the buffer before doing the copy operation. There is also the <COPY> key which copies the line where the cursor is into the buffer. The copy command also takes a numerical prefix, like <ESC> 20 <COPY>. Make a copy of the paragraph which starts "Thank you for your letter..." and put the copy after the last paragraph. DELETING A BLOCK Let's say that you didn't want that copy that you just made. We want to delete the whole paragraph. You can use the <DEL LINE> key a few times, but an easier way is to do a block operation. We had mentioned in the last chapter a way of deleting a sentence. We can use the two methods you learned in this chapter to mark the paragraph. Now for your command, you press the 'd' key. This will delete the block of text that was highlighted. This text is not saved. (Well...actually it is saved in buffer 9 for the <UNDO> operation). Try deleting the extra copy of the paragraph you made. OTHER BLOCK OEPRATIONS The marked block can be written out to another file by pressing the 'w' key when the system asks you for the marked command. You are then asked to type the name of the file to write the block out to. The block will be written to the file you specified. You can insert the block back into your file at another time by using the read operation described in a later chap- ter. Any time that you have something in one of your ten buffers, you can write the buffer to a file by pressing the <WRITE BUF> command (the <ALT> W key). Follow the directions outlined above. You can print a block by press- ing the <WRITE BUF> command and responding with a <CR> when you are asked for the name of the file. Remember that anytime you respond with a <CR> to a write command, the document (or block) will be printed. You can change the case of all letters in a marked block of text to all upper-case or all lower-case. When you are asked for the marked com- mand, type "k". The system will ask you if you want to change the letters to all upper-case charactes or all lower-case characters. Type "u" for up- per or type "l" for lower case. SUMMARY Begins a marked block of text. Typing F7 again anywhere else will highlight the text. <SEARCH & MARK> marks all text from the cursor position until <ALT> F7 the next character you type. Typing a <CR> will highlight the paragraph. <PUT> puts the saved text from one of the buffers F9 into your file. <CHG PICKBUF> changes the current pick buffer. Choose buffer <CTRL> F7 0 through 9. <CLEAR MARK> clears the mark if there is one. <CTRL> F8 The following options can be used with marked text : p saves the marked text in one of the ten buffers. The text is also deleted. The buffer is cleared before. a the same as 'p' but the text is appended to the buffer. c copies the marked text into a buffer. The marked text is not deleted. d deletes the marked text. k changes the marked text to all upper or lower case letters. w writes the marked text out to the named file.